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doc/usr_04.txt
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*usr_04.txt* For Vim version 7.4. Last change: 2008 Sep 06
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VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar
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Making small changes
|
||||
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||||
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||||
This chapter shows you several ways of making corrections and moving text
|
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around. It teaches you the three basic ways to change text: operator-motion,
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||||
Visual mode and text objects.
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||||
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||||
|04.1| Operators and motions
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|04.2| Changing text
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|04.3| Repeating a change
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|04.4| Visual mode
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||||
|04.5| Moving text
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||||
|04.6| Copying text
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|04.7| Using the clipboard
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|04.8| Text objects
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|04.9| Replace mode
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|04.10| Conclusion
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Next chapter: |usr_05.txt| Set your settings
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Previous chapter: |usr_03.txt| Moving around
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Table of contents: |usr_toc.txt|
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==============================================================================
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*04.1* Operators and motions
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In chapter 2 you learned the "x" command to delete a single character. And
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using a count: "4x" deletes four characters.
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The "dw" command deletes a word. You may recognize the "w" command as the
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move word command. In fact, the "d" command may be followed by any motion
|
||||
command, and it deletes from the current location to the place where the
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cursor winds up.
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The "4w" command, for example, moves the cursor over four words. The d4w
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||||
command deletes four words.
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||||
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To err is human. To really foul up you need a computer. ~
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||||
------------------>
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||||
d4w
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||||
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||||
To err is human. you need a computer. ~
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||||
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Vim only deletes up to the position where the motion takes the cursor. That's
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||||
because Vim knows that you probably don't want to delete the first character
|
||||
of a word. If you use the "e" command to move to the end of a word, Vim
|
||||
guesses that you do want to include that last character:
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||||
|
||||
To err is human. you need a computer. ~
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||||
-------->
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||||
d2e
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||||
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||||
To err is human. a computer. ~
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||||
|
||||
Whether the character under the cursor is included depends on the command you
|
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used to move to that character. The reference manual calls this "exclusive"
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when the character isn't included and "inclusive" when it is.
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The "$" command moves to the end of a line. The "d$" command deletes from the
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cursor to the end of the line. This is an inclusive motion, thus the last
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||||
character of the line is included in the delete operation:
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To err is human. a computer. ~
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------------>
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d$
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To err is human ~
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There is a pattern here: operator-motion. You first type an operator command.
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||||
For example, "d" is the delete operator. Then you type a motion command like
|
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"4l" or "w". This way you can operate on any text you can move over.
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==============================================================================
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*04.2* Changing text
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Another operator is "c", change. It acts just like the "d" operator, except
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it leaves you in Insert mode. For example, "cw" changes a word. Or more
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specifically, it deletes a word and then puts you in Insert mode.
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To err is human ~
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||||
------->
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c2wbe<Esc>
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||||
To be human ~
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||||
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This "c2wbe<Esc>" contains these bits:
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c the change operator
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2w move two words (they are deleted and Insert mode started)
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be insert this text
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<Esc> back to Normal mode
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If you have paid attention, you will have noticed something strange: The space
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before "human" isn't deleted. There is a saying that for every problem there
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is an answer that is simple, clear, and wrong. That is the case with the
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example used here for the "cw" command. The c operator works just like the
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d operator, with one exception: "cw". It actually works like "ce", change to
|
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end of word. Thus the space after the word isn't included. This is an
|
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exception that dates back to the old Vi. Since many people are used to it
|
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now, the inconsistency has remained in Vim.
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MORE CHANGES
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Like "dd" deletes a whole line, "cc" changes a whole line. It keeps the
|
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existing indent (leading white space) though.
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Just like "d$" deletes until the end of the line, "c$" changes until the end
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of the line. It's like doing "d$" to delete the text and then "a" to start
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Insert mode and append new text.
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SHORTCUTS
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Some operator-motion commands are used so often that they have been given a
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single letter command:
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x stands for dl (delete character under the cursor)
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X stands for dh (delete character left of the cursor)
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D stands for d$ (delete to end of the line)
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C stands for c$ (change to end of the line)
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s stands for cl (change one character)
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S stands for cc (change a whole line)
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WHERE TO PUT THE COUNT
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The commands "3dw" and "d3w" delete three words. If you want to get really
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picky about things, the first command, "3dw", deletes one word three times;
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the command "d3w" deletes three words once. This is a difference without a
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distinction. You can actually put in two counts, however. For example,
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"3d2w" deletes two words, repeated three times, for a total of six words.
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|
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|
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REPLACING WITH ONE CHARACTER
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The "r" command is not an operator. It waits for you to type a character, and
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will replace the character under the cursor with it. You could do the same
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with "cl" or with the "s" command, but with "r" you don't have to press <Esc>
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there is somerhing grong here ~
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rT rt rw
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There is something wrong here ~
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Using a count with "r" causes that many characters to be replaced with the
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same character. Example:
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There is something wrong here ~
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5rx
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There is something xxxxx here ~
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|
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To replace a character with a line break use "r<Enter>". This deletes one
|
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character and inserts a line break. Using a count here only applies to the
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number of characters deleted: "4r<Enter>" replaces four characters with one
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line break.
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==============================================================================
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*04.3* Repeating a change
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The "." command is one of the most simple yet powerful commands in Vim. It
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repeats the last change. For instance, suppose you are editing an HTML file
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and want to delete all the <B> tags. You position the cursor on the first <
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and delete the <B> with the command "df>". You then go to the < of the next
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</B> and kill it using the "." command. The "." command executes the last
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change command (in this case, "df>"). To delete another tag, position the
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cursor on the < and use the "." command.
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To <B>generate</B> a table of <B>contents ~
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f< find first < --->
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df> delete to > -->
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f< find next < --------->
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||||
. repeat df> --->
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||||
f< find next < ------------->
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||||
. repeat df> -->
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|
||||
The "." command works for all changes you make, except for the "u" (undo),
|
||||
CTRL-R (redo) and commands that start with a colon (:).
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Another example: You want to change the word "four" to "five". It appears
|
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several times in your text. You can do this quickly with this sequence of
|
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commands:
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/four<Enter> find the first string "four"
|
||||
cwfive<Esc> change the word to "five"
|
||||
n find the next "four"
|
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. repeat the change to "five'
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n find the next "four"
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. repeat the change
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etc.
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||||
==============================================================================
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*04.4* Visual mode
|
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To delete simple items the operator-motion changes work quite well. But often
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it's not so easy to decide which command will move over the text you want to
|
||||
change. Then you can use Visual mode.
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|
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You start Visual mode by pressing "v". You move the cursor over the text you
|
||||
want to work on. While you do this, the text is highlighted. Finally type
|
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the operator command.
|
||||
For example, to delete from halfway one word to halfway another word:
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||||
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||||
This is an examination sample of visual mode ~
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||||
---------->
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||||
velllld
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||||
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||||
This is an example of visual mode ~
|
||||
|
||||
When doing this you don't really have to count how many times you have to
|
||||
press "l" to end up in the right position. You can immediately see what text
|
||||
will be deleted when you press "d".
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||||
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||||
If at any time you decide you don't want to do anything with the highlighted
|
||||
text, just press <Esc> and Visual mode will stop without doing anything.
|
||||
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|
||||
SELECTING LINES
|
||||
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If you want to work on whole lines, use "V" to start Visual mode. You will
|
||||
see right away that the whole line is highlighted, without moving around.
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When you move left or right nothing changes. When you move up or down the
|
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selection is extended whole lines at a time.
|
||||
For example, select three lines with "Vjj":
|
||||
|
||||
+------------------------+
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||||
| text more text |
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||||
>> | more text more text | |
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||||
selected lines >> | text text text | | Vjj
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||||
>> | text more | V
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||||
| more text more |
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||||
+------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
SELECTING BLOCKS
|
||||
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If you want to work on a rectangular block of characters, use CTRL-V to start
|
||||
Visual mode. This is very useful when working on tables.
|
||||
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name Q1 Q2 Q3
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||||
pierre 123 455 234
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||||
john 0 90 39
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||||
steve 392 63 334
|
||||
|
||||
To delete the middle "Q2" column, move the cursor to the "Q" of "Q2". Press
|
||||
CTRL-V to start blockwise Visual mode. Now move the cursor three lines down
|
||||
with "3j" and to the next word with "w". You can see the first character of
|
||||
the last column is included. To exclude it, use "h". Now press "d" and the
|
||||
middle column is gone.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
GOING TO THE OTHER SIDE
|
||||
|
||||
If you have selected some text in Visual mode, and discover that you need to
|
||||
change the other end of the selection, use the "o" command (Hint: o for other
|
||||
end). The cursor will go to the other end, and you can move the cursor to
|
||||
change where the selection starts. Pressing "o" again brings you back to the
|
||||
other end.
|
||||
|
||||
When using blockwise selection, you have four corners. "o" only takes you to
|
||||
one of the other corners, diagonally. Use "O" to move to the other corner in
|
||||
the same line.
|
||||
|
||||
Note that "o" and "O" in Visual mode work very differently from Normal mode,
|
||||
where they open a new line below or above the cursor.
|
||||
|
||||
==============================================================================
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||||
*04.5* Moving text
|
||||
|
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When you delete something with the "d", "x", or another command, the text is
|
||||
saved. You can paste it back by using the p command. (The Vim name for
|
||||
this is put).
|
||||
Take a look at how this works. First you will delete an entire line, by
|
||||
putting the cursor on the line you want to delete and typing "dd". Now you
|
||||
move the cursor to where you want to put the line and use the "p" (put)
|
||||
command. The line is inserted on the line below the cursor.
|
||||
|
||||
a line a line a line
|
||||
line 2 dd line 3 p line 3
|
||||
line 3 line 2
|
||||
|
||||
Because you deleted an entire line, the "p" command placed the text line below
|
||||
the cursor. If you delete part of a line (a word, for instance), the "p"
|
||||
command puts it just after the cursor.
|
||||
|
||||
Some more boring try text to out commands. ~
|
||||
---->
|
||||
dw
|
||||
|
||||
Some more boring text to out commands. ~
|
||||
------->
|
||||
welp
|
||||
|
||||
Some more boring text to try out commands. ~
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
MORE ON PUTTING
|
||||
|
||||
The "P" command puts text like "p", but before the cursor. When you deleted a
|
||||
whole line with "dd", "P" will put it back above the cursor. When you deleted
|
||||
a word with "dw", "P" will put it back just before the cursor.
|
||||
|
||||
You can repeat putting as many times as you like. The same text will be used.
|
||||
|
||||
You can use a count with "p" and "P". The text will be repeated as many times
|
||||
as specified with the count. Thus "dd" and then "3p" puts three copies of the
|
||||
same deleted line.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
SWAPPING TWO CHARACTERS
|
||||
|
||||
Frequently when you are typing, your fingers get ahead of your brain (or the
|
||||
other way around?). The result is a typo such as "teh" for "the". Vim
|
||||
makes it easy to correct such problems. Just put the cursor on the e of "teh"
|
||||
and execute the command "xp". This works as follows: "x" deletes the
|
||||
character e and places it in a register. "p" puts the text after the cursor,
|
||||
which is after the h.
|
||||
|
||||
teh th the ~
|
||||
x p
|
||||
|
||||
==============================================================================
|
||||
*04.6* Copying text
|
||||
|
||||
To copy text from one place to another, you could delete it, use "u" to undo
|
||||
the deletion and then "p" to put it somewhere else. There is an easier way:
|
||||
yanking. The "y" operator copies text into a register. Then a "p" command
|
||||
can be used to put it.
|
||||
Yanking is just a Vim name for copying. The "c" letter was already used
|
||||
for the change operator, and "y" was still available. Calling this
|
||||
operator "yank" made it easier to remember to use the "y" key.
|
||||
|
||||
Since "y" is an operator, you use "yw" to yank a word. A count is possible as
|
||||
usual. To yank two words use "y2w". Example:
|
||||
|
||||
let sqr = LongVariable * ~
|
||||
-------------->
|
||||
y2w
|
||||
|
||||
let sqr = LongVariable * ~
|
||||
p
|
||||
|
||||
let sqr = LongVariable * LongVariable ~
|
||||
|
||||
Notice that "yw" includes the white space after a word. If you don't want
|
||||
this, use "ye".
|
||||
|
||||
The "yy" command yanks a whole line, just like "dd" deletes a whole line.
|
||||
Unexpectedly, while "D" deletes from the cursor to the end of the line, "Y"
|
||||
works like "yy", it yanks the whole line. Watch out for this inconsistency!
|
||||
Use "y$" to yank to the end of the line.
|
||||
|
||||
a text line yy a text line a text line
|
||||
line 2 line 2 p line 2
|
||||
last line last line a text line
|
||||
last line
|
||||
|
||||
==============================================================================
|
||||
*04.7* Using the clipboard
|
||||
|
||||
If you are using the GUI version of Vim (gvim), you can find the "Copy" item
|
||||
in the "Edit" menu. First select some text with Visual mode, then use the
|
||||
Edit/Copy menu. The selected text is now copied to the clipboard. You can
|
||||
paste the text in other programs. In Vim itself too.
|
||||
|
||||
If you have copied text to the clipboard in another application, you can paste
|
||||
it in Vim with the Edit/Paste menu. This works in Normal mode and Insert
|
||||
mode. In Visual mode the selected text is replaced with the pasted text.
|
||||
|
||||
The "Cut" menu item deletes the text before it's put on the clipboard. The
|
||||
"Copy", "Cut" and "Paste" items are also available in the popup menu (only
|
||||
when there is a popup menu, of course). If your Vim has a toolbar, you can
|
||||
also find these items there.
|
||||
|
||||
If you are not using the GUI, or if you don't like using a menu, you have to
|
||||
use another way. You use the normal "y" (yank) and "p" (put) commands, but
|
||||
prepend "* (double-quote star) before it. To copy a line to the clipboard: >
|
||||
|
||||
"*yy
|
||||
|
||||
To put text from the clipboard back into the text: >
|
||||
|
||||
"*p
|
||||
|
||||
This only works on versions of Vim that include clipboard support. More about
|
||||
the clipboard in section |09.3| and here: |clipboard|.
|
||||
|
||||
==============================================================================
|
||||
*04.8* Text objects
|
||||
|
||||
If the cursor is in the middle of a word and you want to delete that word, you
|
||||
need to move back to its start before you can do "dw". There is a simpler way
|
||||
to do this: "daw".
|
||||
|
||||
this is some example text. ~
|
||||
daw
|
||||
|
||||
this is some text. ~
|
||||
|
||||
The "d" of "daw" is the delete operator. "aw" is a text object. Hint: "aw"
|
||||
stands for "A Word". Thus "daw" is "Delete A Word". To be precise, the white
|
||||
space after the word is also deleted (the white space before the word at the
|
||||
end of the line).
|
||||
|
||||
Using text objects is the third way to make changes in Vim. We already had
|
||||
operator-motion and Visual mode. Now we add operator-text object.
|
||||
It is very similar to operator-motion, but instead of operating on the text
|
||||
between the cursor position before and after a movement command, the text
|
||||
object is used as a whole. It doesn't matter where in the object the cursor
|
||||
was.
|
||||
|
||||
To change a whole sentence use "cis". Take this text:
|
||||
|
||||
Hello there. This ~
|
||||
is an example. Just ~
|
||||
some text. ~
|
||||
|
||||
Move to the start of the second line, on "is an". Now use "cis":
|
||||
|
||||
Hello there. Just ~
|
||||
some text. ~
|
||||
|
||||
The cursor is in between the blanks in the first line. Now you type the new
|
||||
sentence "Another line.":
|
||||
|
||||
Hello there. Another line. Just ~
|
||||
some text. ~
|
||||
|
||||
"cis" consists of the "c" (change) operator and the "is" text object. This
|
||||
stands for "Inner Sentence". There is also the "as" (a sentence) object. The
|
||||
difference is that "as" includes the white space after the sentence and "is"
|
||||
doesn't. If you would delete a sentence, you want to delete the white space
|
||||
at the same time, thus use "das". If you want to type new text the white
|
||||
space can remain, thus you use "cis".
|
||||
|
||||
You can also use text objects in Visual mode. It will include the text object
|
||||
in the Visual selection. Visual mode continues, thus you can do this several
|
||||
times. For example, start Visual mode with "v" and select a sentence with
|
||||
"as". Now you can repeat "as" to include more sentences. Finally you use an
|
||||
operator to do something with the selected sentences.
|
||||
|
||||
You can find a long list of text objects here: |text-objects|.
|
||||
|
||||
==============================================================================
|
||||
*04.9* Replace mode
|
||||
|
||||
The "R" command causes Vim to enter replace mode. In this mode, each
|
||||
character you type replaces the one under the cursor. This continues until
|
||||
you type <Esc>.
|
||||
In this example you start Replace mode on the first "t" of "text":
|
||||
|
||||
This is text. ~
|
||||
Rinteresting.<Esc>
|
||||
|
||||
This is interesting. ~
|
||||
|
||||
You may have noticed that this command replaced 5 characters in the line with
|
||||
twelve others. The "R" command automatically extends the line if it runs out
|
||||
of characters to replace. It will not continue on the next line.
|
||||
|
||||
You can switch between Insert mode and Replace mode with the <Insert> key.
|
||||
|
||||
When you use <BS> (backspace) to make correction, you will notice that the
|
||||
old text is put back. Thus it works like an undo command for the last typed
|
||||
character.
|
||||
|
||||
==============================================================================
|
||||
*04.10* Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
The operators, movement commands and text objects give you the possibility to
|
||||
make lots of combinations. Now that you know how it works, you can use N
|
||||
operators with M movement commands to make N * M commands!
|
||||
|
||||
You can find a list of operators here: |operator|
|
||||
|
||||
For example, there are many other ways to delete pieces of text. Here are a
|
||||
few often used ones:
|
||||
|
||||
x delete character under the cursor (short for "dl")
|
||||
X delete character before the cursor (short for "dh")
|
||||
D delete from cursor to end of line (short for "d$")
|
||||
dw delete from cursor to next start of word
|
||||
db delete from cursor to previous start of word
|
||||
diw delete word under the cursor (excluding white space)
|
||||
daw delete word under the cursor (including white space)
|
||||
dG delete until the end of the file
|
||||
dgg delete until the start of the file
|
||||
|
||||
If you use "c" instead of "d" they become change commands. And with "y" you
|
||||
yank the text. And so forth.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
There are a few often used commands to make changes that didn't fit somewhere
|
||||
else:
|
||||
|
||||
~ change case of the character under the cursor, and move the
|
||||
cursor to the next character. This is not an operator (unless
|
||||
'tildeop' is set), thus you can't use it with a motion
|
||||
command. It does work in Visual mode and changes case for
|
||||
all the selected text then.
|
||||
|
||||
I Start Insert mode after moving the cursor to the first
|
||||
non-blank in the line.
|
||||
|
||||
A Start Insert mode after moving the cursor to the end of the
|
||||
line.
|
||||
|
||||
==============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Next chapter: |usr_05.txt| Set your settings
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright: see |manual-copyright| vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user