mirror of
https://github.com/amix/vimrc
synced 2025-07-25 14:05:00 +08:00
shenwenjie
601
doc/usr_08.txt
Normal file
601
doc/usr_08.txt
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,601 @@
|
||||
*usr_08.txt* For Vim version 7.4. Last change: 2006 Jul 18
|
||||
|
||||
VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar
|
||||
|
||||
Splitting windows
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Display two different files above each other. Or view two locations in the
|
||||
file at the same time. See the difference between two files by putting them
|
||||
side by side. All this is possible with split windows.
|
||||
|
||||
|08.1| Split a window
|
||||
|08.2| Split a window on another file
|
||||
|08.3| Window size
|
||||
|08.4| Vertical splits
|
||||
|08.5| Moving windows
|
||||
|08.6| Commands for all windows
|
||||
|08.7| Viewing differences with vimdiff
|
||||
|08.8| Various
|
||||
|08.9| Tab pages
|
||||
|
||||
Next chapter: |usr_09.txt| Using the GUI
|
||||
Previous chapter: |usr_07.txt| Editing more than one file
|
||||
Table of contents: |usr_toc.txt|
|
||||
|
||||
==============================================================================
|
||||
*08.1* Split a window
|
||||
|
||||
The easiest way to open a new window is to use the following command: >
|
||||
|
||||
:split
|
||||
|
||||
This command splits the screen into two windows and leaves the cursor in the
|
||||
top one:
|
||||
|
||||
+----------------------------------+
|
||||
|/* file one.c */ |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
|one.c=============================|
|
||||
|/* file one.c */ |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
|one.c=============================|
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+----------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
What you see here is two windows on the same file. The line with "====" is
|
||||
that status line. It displays information about the window above it. (In
|
||||
practice the status line will be in reverse video.)
|
||||
The two windows allow you to view two parts of the same file. For example,
|
||||
you could make the top window show the variable declarations of a program, and
|
||||
the bottom one the code that uses these variables.
|
||||
|
||||
The CTRL-W w command can be used to jump between the windows. If you are in
|
||||
the top window, CTRL-W w jumps to the window below it. If you are in the
|
||||
bottom window it will jump to the first window. (CTRL-W CTRL-W does the same
|
||||
thing, in case you let go of the CTRL key a bit later.)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
CLOSE THE WINDOW
|
||||
|
||||
To close a window, use the command: >
|
||||
|
||||
:close
|
||||
|
||||
Actually, any command that quits editing a file works, like ":quit" and "ZZ".
|
||||
But ":close" prevents you from accidentally exiting Vim when you close the
|
||||
last window.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
CLOSING ALL OTHER WINDOWS
|
||||
|
||||
If you have opened a whole bunch of windows, but now want to concentrate on
|
||||
one of them, this command will be useful: >
|
||||
|
||||
:only
|
||||
|
||||
This closes all windows, except for the current one. If any of the other
|
||||
windows has changes, you will get an error message and that window won't be
|
||||
closed.
|
||||
|
||||
==============================================================================
|
||||
*08.2* Split a window on another file
|
||||
|
||||
The following command opens a second window and starts editing the given file:
|
||||
>
|
||||
:split two.c
|
||||
|
||||
If you were editing one.c, then the result looks like this:
|
||||
|
||||
+----------------------------------+
|
||||
|/* file two.c */ |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
|two.c=============================|
|
||||
|/* file one.c */ |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
|one.c=============================|
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+----------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
To open a window on a new, empty file, use this: >
|
||||
|
||||
:new
|
||||
|
||||
You can repeat the ":split" and ":new" commands to create as many windows as
|
||||
you like.
|
||||
|
||||
==============================================================================
|
||||
*08.3* Window size
|
||||
|
||||
The ":split" command can take a number argument. If specified, this will be
|
||||
the height of the new window. For example, the following opens a new window
|
||||
three lines high and starts editing the file alpha.c: >
|
||||
|
||||
:3split alpha.c
|
||||
|
||||
For existing windows you can change the size in several ways. When you have a
|
||||
working mouse, it is easy: Move the mouse pointer to the status line that
|
||||
separates two windows, and drag it up or down.
|
||||
|
||||
To increase the size of a window: >
|
||||
|
||||
CTRL-W +
|
||||
|
||||
To decrease it: >
|
||||
|
||||
CTRL-W -
|
||||
|
||||
Both of these commands take a count and increase or decrease the window size
|
||||
by that many lines. Thus "4 CTRL-W +" make the window four lines higher.
|
||||
|
||||
To set the window height to a specified number of lines: >
|
||||
|
||||
{height}CTRL-W _
|
||||
|
||||
That's: a number {height}, CTRL-W and then an underscore (the - key with Shift
|
||||
on English-US keyboards).
|
||||
To make a window as high as it can be, use the CTRL-W _ command without a
|
||||
count.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
USING THE MOUSE
|
||||
|
||||
In Vim you can do many things very quickly from the keyboard. Unfortunately,
|
||||
the window resizing commands require quite a bit of typing. In this case,
|
||||
using the mouse is faster. Position the mouse pointer on a status line. Now
|
||||
press the left mouse button and drag. The status line will move, thus making
|
||||
the window on one side higher and the other smaller.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
OPTIONS
|
||||
|
||||
The 'winheight' option can be set to a minimal desired height of a window and
|
||||
'winminheight' to a hard minimum height.
|
||||
Likewise, there is 'winwidth' for the minimal desired width and
|
||||
'winminwidth' for the hard minimum width.
|
||||
The 'equalalways' option, when set, makes Vim equalize the windows sizes
|
||||
when a window is closed or opened.
|
||||
|
||||
==============================================================================
|
||||
*08.4* Vertical splits
|
||||
|
||||
The ":split" command creates the new window above the current one. To make
|
||||
the window appear at the left side, use: >
|
||||
|
||||
:vsplit
|
||||
|
||||
or: >
|
||||
:vsplit two.c
|
||||
|
||||
The result looks something like this:
|
||||
|
||||
+--------------------------------------+
|
||||
|/* file two.c */ |/* file one.c */ |
|
||||
|~ |~ |
|
||||
|~ |~ |
|
||||
|~ |~ |
|
||||
|two.c===============one.c=============|
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+--------------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
Actually, the | lines in the middle will be in reverse video. This is called
|
||||
the vertical separator. It separates the two windows left and right of it.
|
||||
|
||||
There is also the ":vnew" command, to open a vertically split window on a new,
|
||||
empty file. Another way to do this: >
|
||||
|
||||
:vertical new
|
||||
|
||||
The ":vertical" command can be inserted before another command that splits a
|
||||
window. This will cause that command to split the window vertically instead
|
||||
of horizontally. (If the command doesn't split a window, it works
|
||||
unmodified.)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
MOVING BETWEEN WINDOWS
|
||||
|
||||
Since you can split windows horizontally and vertically as much as you like,
|
||||
you can create almost any layout of windows. Then you can use these commands
|
||||
to move between them:
|
||||
|
||||
CTRL-W h move to the window on the left
|
||||
CTRL-W j move to the window below
|
||||
CTRL-W k move to the window above
|
||||
CTRL-W l move to the window on the right
|
||||
|
||||
CTRL-W t move to the TOP window
|
||||
CTRL-W b move to the BOTTOM window
|
||||
|
||||
You will notice the same letters as used for moving the cursor. And the
|
||||
cursor keys can also be used, if you like.
|
||||
More commands to move to other windows: |Q_wi|.
|
||||
|
||||
==============================================================================
|
||||
*08.5* Moving windows
|
||||
|
||||
You have split a few windows, but now they are in the wrong place. Then you
|
||||
need a command to move the window somewhere else. For example, you have three
|
||||
windows like this:
|
||||
|
||||
+----------------------------------+
|
||||
|/* file two.c */ |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
|two.c=============================|
|
||||
|/* file three.c */ |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
|three.c===========================|
|
||||
|/* file one.c */ |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
|one.c=============================|
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+----------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
Clearly the last one should be at the top. Go to that window (using CTRL-W w)
|
||||
and the type this command: >
|
||||
|
||||
CTRL-W K
|
||||
|
||||
This uses the uppercase letter K. What happens is that the window is moved to
|
||||
the very top. You will notice that K is again used for moving upwards.
|
||||
When you have vertical splits, CTRL-W K will move the current window to the
|
||||
top and make it occupy the full width of the Vim window. If this is your
|
||||
layout:
|
||||
|
||||
+-------------------------------------------+
|
||||
|/* two.c */ |/* three.c */ |/* one.c */ |
|
||||
|~ |~ |~ |
|
||||
|~ |~ |~ |
|
||||
|~ |~ |~ |
|
||||
|~ |~ |~ |
|
||||
|~ |~ |~ |
|
||||
|two.c=========three.c=========one.c========|
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+-------------------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
Then using CTRL-W K in the middle window (three.c) will result in:
|
||||
|
||||
+-------------------------------------------+
|
||||
|/* three.c */ |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
|three.c====================================|
|
||||
|/* two.c */ |/* one.c */ |
|
||||
|~ |~ |
|
||||
|two.c==================one.c===============|
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+-------------------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
The other three similar commands (you can probably guess these now):
|
||||
|
||||
CTRL-W H move window to the far left
|
||||
CTRL-W J move window to the bottom
|
||||
CTRL-W L move window to the far right
|
||||
|
||||
==============================================================================
|
||||
*08.6* Commands for all windows
|
||||
|
||||
When you have several windows open and you want to quit Vim, you can close
|
||||
each window separately. A quicker way is using this command: >
|
||||
|
||||
:qall
|
||||
|
||||
This stands for "quit all". If any of the windows contain changes, Vim will
|
||||
not exit. The cursor will automatically be positioned in a window with
|
||||
changes. You can then either use ":write" to save the changes, or ":quit!" to
|
||||
throw them away.
|
||||
|
||||
If you know there are windows with changes, and you want to save all these
|
||||
changes, use this command: >
|
||||
|
||||
:wall
|
||||
|
||||
This stands for "write all". But actually, it only writes files with
|
||||
changes. Vim knows it doesn't make sense to write files that were not
|
||||
changed.
|
||||
And then there is the combination of ":qall" and ":wall": the "write and
|
||||
quit all" command: >
|
||||
|
||||
:wqall
|
||||
|
||||
This writes all modified files and quits Vim.
|
||||
Finally, there is a command that quits Vim and throws away all changes: >
|
||||
|
||||
:qall!
|
||||
|
||||
Be careful, there is no way to undo this command!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
OPENING A WINDOW FOR ALL ARGUMENTS
|
||||
|
||||
To make Vim open a window for each file, start it with the "-o" argument: >
|
||||
|
||||
vim -o one.txt two.txt three.txt
|
||||
|
||||
This results in:
|
||||
|
||||
+-------------------------------+
|
||||
|file one.txt |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
|one.txt========================|
|
||||
|file two.txt |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
|two.txt========================|
|
||||
|file three.txt |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
|three.txt======================|
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+-------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
The "-O" argument is used to get vertically split windows.
|
||||
When Vim is already running, the ":all" command opens a window for each
|
||||
file in the argument list. ":vertical all" does it with vertical splits.
|
||||
|
||||
==============================================================================
|
||||
*08.7* Viewing differences with vimdiff
|
||||
|
||||
There is a special way to start Vim, which shows the differences between two
|
||||
files. Let's take a file "main.c" and insert a few characters in one line.
|
||||
Write this file with the 'backup' option set, so that the backup file
|
||||
"main.c~" will contain the previous version of the file.
|
||||
Type this command in a shell (not in Vim): >
|
||||
|
||||
vimdiff main.c~ main.c
|
||||
|
||||
Vim will start, with two windows side by side. You will only see the line
|
||||
in which you added characters, and a few lines above and below it.
|
||||
|
||||
VV VV
|
||||
+-----------------------------------------+
|
||||
|+ +--123 lines: /* a|+ +--123 lines: /* a| <- fold
|
||||
| text | text |
|
||||
| text | text |
|
||||
| text | text |
|
||||
| text | changed text | <- changed line
|
||||
| text | text |
|
||||
| text | ------------------| <- deleted line
|
||||
| text | text |
|
||||
| text | text |
|
||||
| text | text |
|
||||
|+ +--432 lines: text|+ +--432 lines: text| <- fold
|
||||
| ~ | ~ |
|
||||
| ~ | ~ |
|
||||
|main.c~==============main.c==============|
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+-----------------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
(This picture doesn't show the highlighting, use the vimdiff command for a
|
||||
better look.)
|
||||
|
||||
The lines that were not modified have been collapsed into one line. This is
|
||||
called a closed fold. They are indicated in the picture with "<- fold". Thus
|
||||
the single fold line at the top stands for 123 text lines. These lines are
|
||||
equal in both files.
|
||||
The line marked with "<- changed line" is highlighted, and the inserted
|
||||
text is displayed with another color. This clearly shows what the difference
|
||||
is between the two files.
|
||||
The line that was deleted is displayed with "---" in the main.c window.
|
||||
See the "<- deleted line" marker in the picture. These characters are not
|
||||
really there. They just fill up main.c, so that it displays the same number
|
||||
of lines as the other window.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
THE FOLD COLUMN
|
||||
|
||||
Each window has a column on the left with a slightly different background. In
|
||||
the picture above these are indicated with "VV". You notice there is a plus
|
||||
character there, in front of each closed fold. Move the mouse pointer to that
|
||||
plus and click the left button. The fold will open, and you can see the text
|
||||
that it contains.
|
||||
The fold column contains a minus sign for an open fold. If you click on
|
||||
this -, the fold will close.
|
||||
Obviously, this only works when you have a working mouse. You can also use
|
||||
"zo" to open a fold and "zc" to close it.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
DIFFING IN VIM
|
||||
|
||||
Another way to start in diff mode can be done from inside Vim. Edit the
|
||||
"main.c" file, then make a split and show the differences: >
|
||||
|
||||
:edit main.c
|
||||
:vertical diffsplit main.c~
|
||||
|
||||
The ":vertical" command is used to make the window split vertically. If you
|
||||
omit this, you will get a horizontal split.
|
||||
|
||||
If you have a patch or diff file, you can use the third way to start diff
|
||||
mode. First edit the file to which the patch applies. Then tell Vim the name
|
||||
of the patch file: >
|
||||
|
||||
:edit main.c
|
||||
:vertical diffpatch main.c.diff
|
||||
|
||||
WARNING: The patch file must contain only one patch, for the file you are
|
||||
editing. Otherwise you will get a lot of error messages, and some files might
|
||||
be patched unexpectedly.
|
||||
The patching will only be done to the copy of the file in Vim. The file on
|
||||
your harddisk will remain unmodified (until you decide to write the file).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
SCROLL BINDING
|
||||
|
||||
When the files have more changes, you can scroll in the usual way. Vim will
|
||||
try to keep both the windows start at the same position, so you can easily see
|
||||
the differences side by side.
|
||||
When you don't want this for a moment, use this command: >
|
||||
|
||||
:set noscrollbind
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
JUMPING TO CHANGES
|
||||
|
||||
When you have disabled folding in some way, it may be difficult to find the
|
||||
changes. Use this command to jump forward to the next change: >
|
||||
|
||||
]c
|
||||
|
||||
To go the other way use: >
|
||||
|
||||
[c
|
||||
|
||||
Prepended a count to jump further away.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
REMOVING CHANGES
|
||||
|
||||
You can move text from one window to the other. This either removes
|
||||
differences or adds new ones. Vim doesn't keep the highlighting updated in
|
||||
all situations. To update it use this command: >
|
||||
|
||||
:diffupdate
|
||||
|
||||
To remove a difference, you can move the text in a highlighted block from one
|
||||
window to another. Take the "main.c" and "main.c~" example above. Move the
|
||||
cursor to the left window, on the line that was deleted in the other window.
|
||||
Now type this command: >
|
||||
|
||||
dp
|
||||
|
||||
The change will be removed by putting the text of the current window in the
|
||||
other window. "dp" stands for "diff put".
|
||||
You can also do it the other way around. Move the cursor to the right
|
||||
window, to the line where "changed" was inserted. Now type this command: >
|
||||
|
||||
do
|
||||
|
||||
The change will now be removed by getting the text from the other window.
|
||||
Since there are no changes left now, Vim puts all text in a closed fold.
|
||||
"do" stands for "diff obtain". "dg" would have been better, but that already
|
||||
has a different meaning ("dgg" deletes from the cursor until the first line).
|
||||
|
||||
For details about diff mode, see |vimdiff|.
|
||||
|
||||
==============================================================================
|
||||
*08.8* Various
|
||||
|
||||
The 'laststatus' option can be used to specify when the last window has a
|
||||
statusline:
|
||||
|
||||
0 never
|
||||
1 only when there are split windows (the default)
|
||||
2 always
|
||||
|
||||
Many commands that edit another file have a variant that splits the window.
|
||||
For Command-line commands this is done by prepending an "s". For example:
|
||||
":tag" jumps to a tag, ":stag" splits the window and jumps to a
|
||||
tag.
|
||||
For Normal mode commands a CTRL-W is prepended. CTRL-^ jumps to the
|
||||
alternate file, CTRL-W CTRL-^ splits the window and edits the alternate file.
|
||||
|
||||
The 'splitbelow' option can be set to make a new window appear below the
|
||||
current window. The 'splitright' option can be set to make a vertically split
|
||||
window appear right of the current window.
|
||||
|
||||
When splitting a window you can prepend a modifier command to tell where the
|
||||
window is to appear:
|
||||
|
||||
:leftabove {cmd} left or above the current window
|
||||
:aboveleft {cmd} idem
|
||||
:rightbelow {cmd} right or below the current window
|
||||
:belowright {cmd} idem
|
||||
:topleft {cmd} at the top or left of the Vim window
|
||||
:botright {cmd} at the bottom or right of the Vim window
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
==============================================================================
|
||||
*08.9* Tab pages
|
||||
|
||||
You will have noticed that windows never overlap. That means you quickly run
|
||||
out of screen space. The solution for this is called Tab pages.
|
||||
|
||||
Assume you are editing "thisfile". To create a new tab page use this command: >
|
||||
|
||||
:tabedit thatfile
|
||||
|
||||
This will edit the file "thatfile" in a window that occupies the whole Vim
|
||||
window. And you will notice a bar at the top with the two file names:
|
||||
|
||||
+----------------------------------+
|
||||
| thisfile | /thatfile/ __________X| (thatfile is bold)
|
||||
|/* thatfile */ |
|
||||
|that |
|
||||
|that |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+----------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
You now have two tab pages. The first one has a window for "thisfile" and the
|
||||
second one a window for "thatfile". It's like two pages that are on top of
|
||||
eachother, with a tab sticking out of each page showing the file name.
|
||||
|
||||
Now use the mouse to click on "thisfile" in the top line. The result is
|
||||
|
||||
+----------------------------------+
|
||||
| /thisfile/ | thatfile __________X| (thisfile is bold)
|
||||
|/* thisfile */ |
|
||||
|this |
|
||||
|this |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+----------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
Thus you can switch between tab pages by clicking on the label in the top
|
||||
line. If you don't have a mouse or don't want to use it, you can use the "gt"
|
||||
command. Mnemonic: Goto Tab.
|
||||
|
||||
Now let's create another tab page with the command: >
|
||||
|
||||
:tab split
|
||||
|
||||
This makes a new tab page with one window that is editing the same buffer as
|
||||
the window we were in:
|
||||
|
||||
+-------------------------------------+
|
||||
| thisfile | /thisfile/ | thatfile __X| (thisfile is bold)
|
||||
|/* thisfile */ |
|
||||
|this |
|
||||
|this |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
|~ |
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+-------------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
You can put ":tab" before any Ex command that opens a window. The window will
|
||||
be opened in a new tab page. Another example: >
|
||||
|
||||
:tab help gt
|
||||
|
||||
Will show the help text for "gt" in a new tab page.
|
||||
|
||||
A few more things you can do with tab pages:
|
||||
|
||||
- click with the mouse in the space after the last label
|
||||
The next tab page will be selected, like with "gt".
|
||||
|
||||
- click with the mouse on the "X" in the top right corner
|
||||
The current tab page will be closed. Unless there are unsaved
|
||||
changes in the current tab page.
|
||||
|
||||
- double click with the mouse in the top line
|
||||
A new tab page will be created.
|
||||
|
||||
- the "tabonly" command
|
||||
Closes all tab pages except the current one. Unless there are unsaved
|
||||
changes in other tab pages.
|
||||
|
||||
For more information about tab pages see |tab-page|.
|
||||
|
||||
==============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Next chapter: |usr_09.txt| Using the GUI
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright: see |manual-copyright| vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user